The Mediating Role of Academic Procrastination in the Structural Relations between Perfectionism Dimensions and Academic Burnout

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Assistant professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract

Objective: Academic burnout is a substantial barrier that impedes students from developing they're capabilities and talents in the academic setting. Numerous factors can contribute to the formation and persistence of academic burnout; one of them is perfectionism. It is noteworthy that perfectionism itself has adaptive and maladaptive dimensions. These dimensions seem to have different correlations with academic burnout, both directly and indirectly. One of the potential mediating factors in the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout may be academic procrastination. The present investigation examined the mediating role of academic procrastination in the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout.
Materials and Methods: The present study is methodologically descriptive-correlational. Furthermore, it is a fundamental study based on the purposes. A final sample of 375 students was selected from the University of Tabriz. Research instruments included the Revised Almost Perfect Scale (APS-R), Academic Procrastination Scale-Students (PASS), and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Besides, descriptive and inferential statistics (SEM structural equation modeling) were used to analyze the data.
Results: The findings of this study showed that adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism could predict the changes in academic burnout through the mediation role of academic procrastination. In a way, maladaptive and adaptive perfectionism had respectively positive and negative indirect relationships with academic burnout through academic procrastination. However, they're is a smaller correlation between adaptive perfectionism and academic burnout than maladaptive perfectionism.
Discussion and Conclusion: The present study results can have practical implications in treating and improving burnout in students.

Keywords

References

درستی، حبیبه؛ زارعی، حیدرعلی. (1398). بررسی رابطه خودتنظیمی و عزت‌نفس با تعلل‌ورزی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان دختر دوره متوسطه. دو فصلنامه راهبردهای شناختی در یادگیری، 7 (12)، 69-85.
https://dx.doi.org/10.22084/j.psychogy.2018.14784.1660
رستمی، زینب، عابدی، محمدرضا، شوفلی، ویلمار بی. (1390). هنجاریابی مقیاس فرسودگی تحصیلی مسلش در دانشجویان زن دانشگاه اصفهان .رویکردهای نوین آموزشی، 6 (1)، 21-38.
 https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=194359
شارعی نیا، حبیب؛ سید محمدی، سیده ندا؛ سعادتی، نیلوفر؛ رضادوست، فاطمه؛ محمدیان، بتول؛ ابراهیمی، نجمه. (1397). بررسی وضعیت تعلل‌ورزی، فرسودگی تحصیلی و عملکرد تحصیلی در دانشجویان پرستاری، دوماهنامه علمی- پژوهشی راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی، (6) 11، 12-19.
 http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/edcbmj.11.06.02
فرید، ابوالفضل؛ حبیبی کلیبر، رامین؛ محمدی، محمد. (1397). مطالعه پدیدارشناسی تعلل‌ورزی تحصیلی دانش‌آموزان. پژوهش در نظام‌های آموزشی، 12 (40 )، 107-129.
 https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2018.64745
نوری ثمرین، شهرام؛ بیاتیانی، غلامرضا؛ سراج خرمی، ناصر. (1392). بررسی رابطه کمال‌گرایی با رضایت از زندگی و پرخاشگری در بین دانش‌آموزان دبیرستانی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های نوین روان‌شناختی، (8) 31، 201- 219.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=211345
یعقوبی، ابوالقاسم، و قلایی، بهروز، و رشید، خسرو، و کردنوقابی، رسول. (1394). عوامل مرتبط با تعلل‌ورزی تحصیلی. روان شناسی تربیتی (روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی)، 11 (37)، 161-185.
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=302638
 
Abdollahi, A., Maleki Farab, N., Panahipour, S., & Allen, K. A. (2020). Academic Hardiness as a Moderator between Evaluative Concerns Perfectionism and Academic Procrastination in Students. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 181(5), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1783194
Accordino, D. B., Accordino, M. P., & Slaney, R. B. (2000). An investigation of perfectionism, mental health, achievement, and achievement motivation in adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 37(6), 535- 545. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1783194
Allen, H. K., Barrall, A. L., Vincent, K. B., & Arria, A. M. (2021). Stress and burnout among graduate students: Moderation by sleep duration and quality. International journal of behavioral medicine, 28(1), 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-020-09867-8
Ashby, J. S., & Rice, K. G. (2002). Perfectionism, dysfunctional attitudes, and self‐esteem: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(2), 197-203. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2002.tb00183.x
Ashkzari, M. K., Piryaei, S., & Largani, S. F. H. (2015). The Mediating Role of Proactive Coping Strategy in the Relationship Between Procrastination and Job Burnout among High-School Teachers. J. Appl. Environ. Biol. Sci, 5(6S), 113-119.
Ayadi, N., Pireinaladin, S., Shokri, M., Dargahi, S., & Zarein, F. (2021). Investigating the Mediating Role of Procrastination in the Relationship between Positive and Negative Perfectionism and Mobile Phone Addiction in Gifted Students. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 16(1), 30. https://dx.doi.org/10.18502%2Fijps.v16i1.5375
Balkıs, M. (2011). Academic efficacy as a mediator and moderator variable in the relationship between academic procrastination and academic achievement. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 45, 1-16. http://acikerisim.pau.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11499/5762
Boada-Grau, J., Merino-Tejedor, E., Sánchez-García, J. C., Prizmic-Kuzmica, A. J., & Vigil-Colet, A. (2015). Adaptation and psychometric properties of the SBI-U scale for Academic Burnout in university students. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 31(1), 290-297. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.31.1.168581
Çakır, S., Akça, F., Kodaz, A. F., & Tulgarer, S. (2014). The survey of academic procrastionation on high school students with in terms of school burn-out and learning styles. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 114, 654-662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.763
Çam, Z., & Ögülmüs, S. (2021). Testing of a Model on the School Burnout among High School Students and Exploring the Model's Prediction Level of Grade Retention. International Journal of Curriculum and Instruction, 13(2), 950-985.
Chang, E., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Mediating effect of goal adjustment on the relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and academic burnout. Psychology in the Schools, 57(2), 284-295. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22327
Chang, E., Lee, A., Byeon, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2016). The mediating effect of motivational types in the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 202-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.10.010
Chang, E., Seong, H., & Lee, S. M. (2020). Exploring the relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout through achievement goals: a mediation model. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21, 409-422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09633-1 
Choi, H., Cho, S., Kim, J., Kim, E., Chung, J., & Lee, S. M. (2020). The mediating effect of introjected motivation on the relation between perfectionism and academic burnout. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 1, 13. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.8
Cooks, J. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2019). The impact of perfectionism, performance feedback, and stress on affect and depressive symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences, 146, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.03.048  ‏
Custer, N. R. (2018). Test anxiety and academic procrastination among pre-licensure nursing students. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39(3), 162 – 163. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000291
Darawad, M. W., Nawafleh, H., Maharmeh, M., Hamdan-Mansour, A. M., & Azzeghaiby, S. N. (2015). The relationship between time pressure and burnout syndrome: a cross-sectional survey among Jordanian nurses. Health, 7(01), 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2015.71003
Dorosti, H., Zarei, H. (2019). The Relationship between Self-regulation and Self-esteem with Academic Procrastination among Female Second Grade High School Students. Biquarterly Journal of Cognitive Strategies in Learning, 7(12), 69-85 (Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22084/j.psychogy.2018.14784.1660
Dyrbye, L. N., & Shanafelt, T. (2016). A narrative review on burnout experienced by medical students and residents. Medical Education, 50(1), 132–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12927 
Farid, A., & HabibI Kaleybar, R., & Mohammadi, M. (2018). Representation of the lived Experience of the Male Pre university Students with Procrastination in Marivan City: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Research in Educational Systems, 12(40), 107-129 (Persian). https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jiera.2018.64745
Finch, H. (2020). The psychology of procrastination: Understand you're habits, find you're motivation, and get things done.
Garratt-Reed, D., Howell, J., Hayes, L., & Boyes, M. (2018). Is perfectionism associated with academic burnout through repetitive negative thinking? PeerJ, 6, e5004. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5004
Hall, N. C., Lee, S. Y., & Rahimi, S. (2019). Self-efficacy, procrastination, and burnout in post-secondary faculty: An international longitudinal analysis. PloS one, 14(12), e0226716. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226716
Hill, A. P., & Curran, T. (2016). Multidimensional perfectionism and burnout: A meta-analysis. Personality and social psychology review, 20(3), 269-288. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1088868315596286
Ijaz, T., & Khalid, A. (2020). Perfectionism and Academic Burnout: The Mediating Role of Worry and Depressive Rumination in University Students. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 473-492.
Jokste, I. (2021, May). PERFECTIONISM: RESOURCE OF PATHOLOGY. In SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference (Vol. 7, pp. 123-133). https://doi.org/10.17770/sie2021vol7.6450 
Kim, B., Jee, S., Lee, J., An, S., & Lee, S. M. (2018). Relationships between social support and student burnout: A meta‐analytic approach. Stress and Health, 34(1), 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2771
Koutsimani, P., Montgomery, A., & Georganta, K. (2019). The relationship between burnout, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00284
Lee, J., & Choi, H. (2014). Relationship between perfectionism and academic burnout: Focus on the mediating effect of academic stress and academic procrastination. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 15(11), 6556-6564. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2014.15.11.6556
Luo, Y., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Chen, A., & Quan, S. (2016). The effect of perfectionism on school burnout among adolescence: The mediator of self-esteem and coping style. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.056
Mallinson-Howard, S. H., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2019). The 2× 2 model of perfectionism and negative experiences in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 45, 101581. ‏ https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101581
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of organizational behavior, 2(2), 99-113. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030020205
Motie, H., Heidari, M., & Sadeghi, M. A. (2012). Predicting academic procrastination during self-regulated learning in Iranian first grade high school students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 2299 - 2308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.02.023
Nazar, N., Österman, K., & Björkqvist, K. (2020). School burnout and its psychological concomitants among students from three school types in Pakistan. Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, 4, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmi.2020.99149
Newendorp, T. (2018). The Perfectionism Workbook: Proven Strategies to End Procrastination, Accept you'reself, and Achieve you're Goals. Althea Press.
Noori Samarin, S., Kheyrollah Bayatiany, G., Seraj Khorrami, N. (2013). Study of the Relationship between Perfectionism with Life Satisfaction and Aggression among High School Students. Journal of Modern Psychological Researches, 8(31), 201-219 (Persian). https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=211345
Ocampo, A. C. G., Wang, L., Kiazad, K., Restubog, S. L. D., & Ashkanasy, N. M. (2020). The relentless pursuit of perfectionism: A review of perfectionism in the workplace and an agenda for future research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(2), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2400
Oxtoby, C. (2018). Managing perfectionism. The Veterinary Record, 183(3), 106. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k3182
Paloș, R., Maricuţoiu, L. P., & Costea, I. (2019). Relations between academic performance, student engagement and student burnout: A cross-lagged analysis of a two-wave study. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 60, 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2019.01.005
Rice, K. G., Richardson, C. M., & Tueller, S. (2014). The short form of the revised almost perfect scale. Journal of personality assessment, 96(3), 368-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2013.838172
Robakowska, M., Tyrańska-Fobke, A., Walkiewicz, M., & Tartas, M. (2018). Adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism, and professional burnout among medical laboratory scientists. Medycyna pracy, 69(3), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.13075/mp.5893.00644
Robins, T. G., Roberts, R. M., & Sarris, A. (2018). The role of student burnout in predicting future burnout: Exploring the transition from university to the workplace. Higher Education Research & Development, 37(1), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2017.1344827
Rostami, Z., Abedi, M., Schuffli, V. (2011). Standardization of Maslash burnout inventory among female students at University of Isfahan. New Educational Approaches, 6(1), 21-38 (Persian). https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=326565
Schaufeli, W. B., Martinez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout and engagement in university students: A cross-national study. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 33(5), 464-481. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022022102033005003
Sederlund, A., R Burns, L., & Rogers, W. (2020). Multidimensional Models of Perfectionism and Procrastination: Seeking Determinants of Both. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145099
Sepehrian, F. (2012). Academic procrastination and its predictive factors. Journal of Psychological Studies, 7(4), 9 - 26. https://doi.org/10.22051/psy.2011.1533
Shafran, R., Egan, S., & Wade, T. (2018). Overcoming Perfectionism 2nd Edition: A self-help guide using scientifically supported cognitive behavioural techniques. Robinson.
Shareinia H, Seyed mohamadi S N, Saadati N, Rezadost F, Mohammadian B, Ebrahimi N. Assessment of Procrastination, Academic Burnout, Academic Performance and Related Factors in Nursing Students of Gonabad School of Nursing and Midwifery in 2016. Educ Strategy Med Sci. 2019; 11 (6) :12-19 (Persian). http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/edcbmj.11.06.02
Slaney, R. B., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., Ashby, J., & Johnson, D. G. (1996). The Almost Perfect Scale–Revised. Unpublished manuscript, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
Slaney, R. B., Rice, K. G., Mobley, M., Trippi, J., & Ashby, J. S. (2001). The revised almost perfect scale. Measurement and evaluation in counseling and development, 34(3), 130-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2002.12069030
Solomon, L. J., & Rothblum, E. D. (1984). Academic procrastination: Frequency and cognitive-behavioral correlates. Journal of counseling psychology, 31(4), 503. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-0167.31.4.503
Spagnoli, P., Buono, C., Kovalchuk, L. S., Cordasco, G., & Esposito, A. (2021). Perfectionism and burnout during the COVID-19 crisis: A two-wave cross-lagged study. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 4087. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.631994
Stoeber, J., Madigan, D. J., & Gonidis, L. (2020). Perfectionism is adaptive and maladaptive, but what's the combined effect? Personality and Individual Differences, 161, 109846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109846
Taylor, J. J., Papay, K. A., Webb, J. B., & Reeve, C. L. (2016). The good, the bad, and the interactive: Evaluative concerns perfectionism moderates the effect of personal strivings perfectionism on self-esteem. Personality and Individual differences, 95, 1-5.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.02.006
Tyler, J. M., Panichelli-Mindel, S. M., Sperrazza, C., & Levitt, M. F. (2019). A Pilot Study Exploring the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Anxiety in an Urban Middle School. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(8), 989-1001. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0734282918819949  ‏
Wassif, G. O., Gamal-Eldin, D. A., & Boulos, D. N. (2019). Stress and Burnout among Medical Students. Journal of High Institute of Public Health, 49(3), 190-198. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jhiph.2019.63794
Yosopov, L. (2020). The relationship between perfectionism and procrastination: examining trait and cognitive conceptualizations, and the mediating roles of fear of failure and overgeneralization of failure. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7267
Journal of School Counseling
Volume 1, Issue 2 - Serial Number 2
December 2021
Pages 1-19

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 October 2021
  • Revise Date: 21 April 2022
  • Accept Date: 20 November 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics